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The hormone also suppresses the activity of myostatin, a protein that inhibits muscle growth. Testosterone plays a key role in regulating metabolism, influencing how efficiently your body burns calories and processes energy. While there’s truth to the connection between metabolism and testosterone, the science is far more nuanced. This review discusses the current knowledge of the metabolic actions of testosterone and how testosterone deficiency contributes to the clinical disease states of obesity, MetS and type 2 diabetes and the role of testosterone replacement. The mechanisms by which testosterone acts on pathways to control metabolism are not fully clear.
FFAs are fat molecules that circulate through your bloodstream. You may have seen bold claims that TRT tamps down free fatty acids (FFAs) and supercharges mitochondrial production. Higher levels are linked to greater motivation, persistence, and drive. Testosterone appears to suppress proteins that regulate fat cell development, stopping preadipocyte cells from maturing into fully developed fat cells. 8 Other studies suggest it reduces subcutaneous fat—the soft, pinchable fat just under your skin.
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In younger men, some authors have argued that a one-size-fits-all cutoff may miss clinically relevant low values when symptoms are present. That does not mean every man on TRT should target the same exact point in that range. Reference-range work helps place this in context. But that is a diagnostic threshold, not a universal treatment target. The AUA guideline is often cited because it uses a total testosterone below 300 ng/dL as a reasonable diagnostic cutoff for testosterone deficiency.
This binding plays an important role in regulating the transport, tissue delivery, bioactivity, and metabolism of testosterone. Specific proteins include sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), which binds testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, and other sex steroids. Moreover, the conversion of testosterone to estradiol regulates male aggression in sparrows during breeding season. A few studies indicate that the testosterone derivative estradiol might play an important role in male aggression. The rise in testosterone during competition predicted aggression in males, but not in females. Testosterone may be a treatment for postmenopausal women as long as they are effectively estrogenized. There is a time lag effect when testosterone is administered, on genital arousal in women.
The bones and the brain are two important tissues in humans where the primary effect of testosterone is by way of aromatization to estradiol. 5α-DHT binds to the same androgen receptor even more strongly than testosterone, so that its androgenic potency is about 5 times that of T. Free testosterone (T) is transported into the cytoplasm of target tissue cells, where it can bind to the androgen receptor, or can be reduced to 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) by the cytoplasmic enzyme 5α-reductase. Androgens such as testosterone have also been found to bind to and activate membrane androgen receptors.
